Gasoline direct injection (GDI) sprays are complex multiphase flows. When compared to
multi-hole diesel sprays, the plumes are closely spaced, and the sprays are more likely to …

Cyclic variability in internal combustion engines (ICEs) arises from multiple concurrent
sources, many of which remain to be fully understood and controlled. This variability can, in …

In an era where engine design has been influenced by the interest in emissions reduction,
the use of gasoline direct injection systems has proven to be an effective means to approach …

Gasoline direct injection engines are highly dependent on the spray performance and
associated combustion quality. The spray formation depends on many factors, namely …

A numerical and experimental study was conducted to characterize flow through low-speed
wind tunnel contractions. The simulations were carried out using an incompressible, two …

Selecting the proper number of nozzle holes is a critical matter to achieving optimal
combustion in diesel engines. In recent years, short transient injections with ultra-high …

It is well known that in-nozzle flow behavior can significantly influence the near-nozzle spray
formation and mixing that in turn affect engine performance and emissions. This in-nozzle …

The accuracy of a nozzle diameter directly affects the difference of the injection
characteristics between the holes and productions of a GDI (gasoline direct injection) …

In the current paper, a methodology based on the combination of a one-dimensional spray
model and experimental correlations has been proposed to predict the physical time …

This study presents the design and evaluation of wind tunnel performance at the National
Institute of Standards in Egypt. Flow contraction in the convergent nozzle of a subsonic wind …