Ubiquitination has emerged as a crucial mechanism that regulates signal transduction in
diverse biological processes, including different aspects of immune functions. Ubiquitination …

It has been nearly half a century since angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) was
characterized in the early 1970's. Our understanding of the disease has dramatically …

CD4+ T cells are crucial in achieving a regulated effective immune response to pathogens.
Naive CD4+ T cells are activated after interaction with antigen‐MHC complex and …

Autoimmunity and autoinflammation arise from aberrant immunological and inflammatory
responses toward self-components, contributing to various autoimmune diseases and …

Germinal centers (GCs) were described more than 125 years ago as compartments within
secondary lymphoid organs that contained mitotic cells. Since then, it has become clear that …

The germinal center (GC) reaction produces high-affinity antibodies by random mutation and
selective clonal expansion of B cells with high-affinity receptors. The mechanism by which B …

Biological molecules are increasingly becoming a part of the therapeutics portfolio that has
been either recently approved for marketing or those that are in the pipeline of several …

Effective B cell–mediated immunity and antibody responses often require help from CD4+ T
cells. It is thought that a distinct CD4+ effector T cell subset, called T follicular helper cells …

CD4+ T cells, upon activation and expansion, develop into different T helper cell subsets
with different cytokine profiles and distinct effector functions. Until recently, T cells were …

A fundamental function of CD4+ helper T (TH) cells is the regulation of B cell–mediated
humoral immunity. Development of T follicular helper (TFH) cells that provide help to B cells …