Originally, viruses were defined as miniscule infectious agents that passed through filters
that retain even the smallest cells. Subsequently, viruses were considered obligate …

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has been applied to plant virology since 2009. NGS
provides highly efficient, rapid, low cost DNA, or RNA high-throughput sequencing of the …

The question whether or not “viruses are alive” has caused considerable debate over many
years. Yet, the question is effectively without substance because the answer depends …

Small endonucleolytic ribozymes promote the self-cleavage of their own phosphodiester
backbone at a specific linkage. The structures of and the reactions catalysed by members of …

Over a hundred years of research on plant viruses has led to a detailed understanding of
viral replication, movement, and host–virus interactions. The functions of vast viral genes …

Viroids are pathogenic agents that have a small, circular noncoding RNA genome. They
have been found only in plant species; therefore, their infectivity and pathogenicity in other …

Fifteen years after transfer to hops, hop stunt viroid-grapevine (HSVd-g) was replaced by
HSVd-hop (HSVd-h), a sequence variant that contains changes at five different positions …

Viroids are a unique class of plant pathogens that consist of small circular RNA molecules,
between 220 and 450 nucleotides in size. Viroids encode no proteins and are the smallest …

Abstract Taxonomy Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) is the type species of the genus Hostuviroid
(family Pospiviroidae). The other species of this genus is Dahlia latent viroid, which presents …

Artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) and synthetic trans‐acting small interfering RNAs (syn‐
tasiRNAs) are two classes of artificial small RNAs (sRNAs) engineered to silence …