Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases
such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis …

Although stem cell-based therapy has demonstrated considerable potential to manage
certain diseases more successfully than conventional surgery, it nevertheless comes with …

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass several entities such as
“classic” autoimmune disorders or immune-mediated diseases with autoinflammatory …

Exosomes are spherical lipid bilayer vesicles composed of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
that deliver signaling molecules through a vesicular transport system to regulate the function …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proven to have superior potential to be used as
therapeutic candidates in various disorders. Nevertheless, the clinical application of these …

In recent years, brain diseases have seriously threatened human health due to their high
morbidity and mortality. Achieving efficient drug delivery to provide satisfactory therapeutic …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane on the outside, which
are widely found in various body fluids and contain biological macromolecules such as …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possessed
strong immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions by secreting exosomes as major …

Exosomal release pathway and autophagy together maintain homeostasis and survival of
cells under stressful conditions. Autophagy is a catabolic process through which cell entities …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as versatile elements of cell
communication in the nervous system, mediating tissue homeostasis. EVs influence the …