Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) encompasses a wide range of dermatologic
manifestations, which may or may not be associated with the development of systemic …

In the first part of the review, topical agents and first-line systemic treatment options for
cutaneous lupus erythematosus were discussed whereas in the second part, recent …

The human eye is constantly exposed to sunlight and artificial lighting. Light transmission
through the eye is fundamental to its unique biological functions of directing vision and …

Lupus, Latin for “wolf,” is a term used to describe many dermatologic conditions, some of
which are related to underlying systemic lupus erythematosus, while others are distinct …

Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with a large heterogeneity of climates and
massive mixing of the population. Almost the entire national territory is located between the …

Lutein and zeaxanthin are antioxidants found in the human retina and macula. Recent
clinical trials have determined that age‐and diet‐related loss of lutein and zeaxanthin …

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) includes a broad range of dermatologic
manifestations, which may or may not be associated with systemic disease. Recent studies …

The underlying pathomechanisms of lupus erythematosus (LE), a multifactorial autoimmune
disease, remain elusive. Due to the clinical evidence demonstrating a clear relationship …

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes catalyze the NAD (P)+-dependent oxidation of a
wide variety of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to their corresponding acids. Some …

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an autoimmune inflammatory skin disease seen in
patients with or without systemic lupus erythematosus. The management of CLE includes …