Since 1984, when paclitaxel was approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced
ovarian carcinoma, taxanes have been widely used as microtubule-targeting antitumor …

In eukaryotic cells, ATP generation is generally viewed as the primary function of
mitochondria under normoxic conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), in contrast, are …

The successful treatment of cancer has significantly improved as a result of targeted therapy
and immunotherapy. However, during chemotherapy, cancer cells evolve and can acquire …

Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of various types of cancers.
However, most of these immunomodulatory strategies focus on harnessing adaptive …

The progression of cancer is not only about the tumor cell itself, but also about other
involved players including cancer cell recruited immune cells, their released pro …

The severe side effects and low bioavailability of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs are
the major problems that current clinical cancer treatments suffer from. In recent years, tumor …

According to numerous animal studies, adverse environmental stimuli, including physical,
chemical, and biological factors, can cause low‐grade chronic inflammation and subsequent …

Neutrophils are the first responders to inflammation, infection, and injury. As one of the most
abundant leukocytes in the immune system, neutrophils play an essential role in cancer …

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune cells, which represent 50% to
70% of the total circulating leukocytes. How PMNs adapt to various microenvironments …

Ploidy increase has been shown to occur in different type of tumors and participate in tumor
initiation and resistance to the treatment. Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are cells with …