Dystonia is a common movement disorder involving abnormal, often twisting postures and is
a challenging condition to diagnose as we present here in a comprehensive overview. The …

The discovery of biological pathways shared between different monogenic dystonias is an
important conceptual advance in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms, with a …

The adult-onset focal dystonias are a group of clinically heterogeneous disorders that affect
different regions of the body. Although they affect different regions with different clinical …

Sex and gender-based differences in epidemiology, clinical features and therapeutical
responses are emerging in several movement disorders, even though they are still not …

Introduction Drug-induced open bite is one of the extrapyramidal symptoms with abnormal
tonus of muscles and is rarely recognized in dentistry. This is a retrospective case study to …

Abstract Background Musician's Dystonia (MD) is a task specific, focal dystonia which
usually occurs only at the instrument. The pathophysiology is not fully understood, but …

Background Prior studies have indicated that female individuals outnumber male individuals
for certain types of dystonia. Few studies have addressed factors impacting these sex …

Background Previous studies have found gait and balance abnormalities in patients with
cervical dystonia. However, the characteristics of gait and balance in cervical dystonia with …

Introduction Cervical dystonia (CD) presents as a motor disorder but has a number of non-
motor features. Studies have demonstrated diverse changes in cognition in patients with CD …

Background Several earlier studies showed a female predominance in idiopathic adult-
onset dystonia (IAOD) affecting the craniocervical area and a male preponderance in limb …