Serotonin communication operates mainly in the extracellular space and cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF), using volume transmission with serotonin moving from source to target cells (neurons …

The diagnosis of a mental disorder generally depends on clinical observations and
phenomenological symptoms reported by the patient. The definition of a given diagnosis is …

Stretch-attend posture (SAP) occurs during risk assessment and is prevalent in common
rodent behavioral tests. Measuring this behavior can enhance behavioral tests. For …

Among mental diseases, major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety deserve a special
place due to their high prevalence and their negative impact both on society and patients …

Adolescence is an important developmental phase with extensive changes in behavior due
to remodeling of the brain and hormonal systems. Validation of animal behavioral tests in …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Sceletium tortuosum (L.) NE Br.(ST) has been used by the
Khoisan people of South Africa as a mood elevator. Its various pharmacological …

The FGFR1-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes are involved in neuroplasticity in the rat
hippocampus and in the mesencephalic raphe 5-HT nerve cells. There exists a 5-HT1A …

Stress, such as social isolation, is a well-known risk factor for depression, most probably in
combination with predisposing genetic factors. Physical exercise on the other hand, is …

Animals need to respond to threats to avoid danger and approach rewards. In nature, these
responses did not evolve alone but are always accompanied by motivational conflict. A semi …

Understanding how biological markers of stress relate to stressor magnitude is much
needed and can be used in welfare assessment. Changes in body surface temperature can …