T lymphocytes, the major effector cells in cellular immunity, produce cytokines in immune
responses to mediate inflammation and regulate other types of immune cells. Work in the …

Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses.
Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF …

Summary CD4 T follicular helper (TFH) cells support B cells, which are critical for germinal
center (GC) formation, but the importance of TFH-B cell interactions in cancer is unclear. We …

As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs)
sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can …

The discovery of CD4+ T cell subset–defining master transcription factors and framing of the
Th1/Th2 paradigm ignited the CD4+ T cell field. Advances in in vivo experimental systems …

Abstract Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pivotal cytokine with a diverse repertoire of physiological
functions that include regulation of immune cell proliferation and differentiation …

INTRODUCTION Cross-linking of high-affinity, allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) on
mast cells results in anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. The cellular …

Chemokines are small secreted proteins that orchestrate migration and positioning of
immune cells within the tissues. Chemokines are essential for the function of the immune …

Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system both to elicit immediate
defense and to generate long-lasting adaptive immunity. To detect and respond to vastly …

CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing
selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal …