The ability to repair or promote regeneration within the adult human brain has been
envisioned for decades. Until recently, such efforts mainly involved delivery of growth factors …

Midbrain dopamine neurons deteriorate in Parkinson's disease (PD) that is a progressive
neurodegenerative movement disorder. No cure is available that would stop the …

The current mainstay treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) consists of dopamine
replacement therapy which, in addition to causing several side effects, does not delay …

The concept of repairing the brain with growth factors has been pursued for many years in a
variety of neurodegenerative diseases including primarily Parkinson's disease (PD) using …

Of the circa 40 cytokines of the TGF-β superfamily, around a third are currently known to bind
to heparin and heparan sulphate. This includes TGF-β1, TGF-β2, certain bone …

Neurotrophic factors (NTF) are a subgroup of growth factors that promote survival and
differentiation of neurons. Due to their neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties, their …

Rearranged during transfection (RET) is the tyrosine kinase receptor that under normal
circumstances interacts with ligand at the cell surface and mediates various essential roles …

Stroke is the most common cause of adult disability in developed countries, largely because
spontaneous recovery is often incomplete, and no pharmacological means to hasten the …

Aging is a physiological event dependent on multiple pathways that are linked to lifespan
and processes leading to cognitive decline. This process represents the major risk factor for …

Growth factors (GFs) hold considerable promise for disease modification in
neurodegenerative disorders because they can protect and restore degenerating neurons …