Fish is considered to be an important model in comparative immunology studies because it
is a representative population of lower vertebrates serving as an essential link to early …

The innate immune system constitutes an efficient defense against invading microbial
pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) eventually alert vertebrates about the presence of …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of immune sensors that play crucial roles in
detecting and responding to the conserved patterns of microorganisms. To date, many …

Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines defined by the presence of four conserved
cysteine residues which in mammals can be divided into four subfamilies depending on the …

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary administration of
Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M and short chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) on …

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are present in many different fish families from several different
orders, including cyprinid, salmonid, perciform, pleuronectiform and gadiform …

Farmed fish provide an increasing fraction of the human food supply, and are of major
economic importance in many countries. As in the case of terrestrial agriculture, bringing …

Cancer immunotherapy is a powerful treatment strategy that mobilizes the immune system to
fight disease. Cancer vaccination is one form of cancer immunotherapy, where …

Abstract Type I IFNs (IFN-I) are cytokines, which play a crucial role in innate and adaptive
immunity against viruses of vertebrates. In essence, IFN-I are induced and secreted upon …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of proteins that modulate the innate immune system
and control the initiation of downstream immune responses. Spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) …