Among the cytokines regulating immune cells, IL-9 has gained considerable attention for its
ability to act on multiple cell types as a regulator of beneficial and pathologic immune …

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a complex and multifactorial disease process that
employs Th2 cell-mediated immunologic processes, which involves the overexpression of …

In the present review, we focused on recent translational and clinical discoveries in asthma
immunology, facilitating phenotyping and stratified or personalized interventions for patients …

Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the common immune hypersensitivity disorders that affect the
ocular system. The clinical manifestations of this condition exhibit variability contingent upon …

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition predominantly driven by a type 2 immune
response. Epithelial-derived alarmins such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) …

Abstract IL-9-producing T cells (T9) regulate immunological responses that affect various
cellular biological processes, though their precise function remains fully understood …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with reduced
quality of life and earlier mortality, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In …

Background Microbial infections, particularly those caused by rhinovirus (RV) and
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are major triggers for asthma exacerbations. These viruses …

Multi-cytokine-producing Th9 cells secrete IL-9 and type 2 cytokines and mediate mouse
and human allergic inflammation. However, the cytokines that promote a multi-cytokine …

Background Alarmins mediate type 2 T helper cell (Th2) inflammation and serve as
upstream signaling elements in allergic inflammation and autoimmune responses. The …