The woman's body presents a number of unique anatomical features that can constitute
valuable routes for the administration of drugs, either for local or systemic action. These are …

Vulvar tissue is more permeable than exposed skin due to differences in structure,
occlusion, hydration and susceptibility to friction. The safety assessment of products that …

The scarcity of sizeable specimens of normal oral mucosa for experimental purposes has
hampered research on oral epithelium. Because large specimens of viable human vaginal …

The vagina stands as an important alternative to the oral route for those systemic drugs that
are poorly absorbed orally or are rapidly metabolized by the liver. Drug permeation through …

The use of in vitro human skin permeation tests is of value when addressing the quality and
equivalence of topical drug products in Europe and the US. Human skin is the membrane of …

Vulvar tissue differs from cutaneous epithelia in structure, morphology and biophysical
characteristics. For example, the skin of the labia majora exhibits elevated hydration …

A number of drugs undergo extensive first-pass metabolism after oral administration,
necessitating large doses for effective therapeutic responses in the body. Buccal …

The buccal route offers an attractive alternative for systemic drug delivery of drugs because
of better patient compliance, ease of dosage form removal in emergencies, robustness, and …

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) remains a global issue for women of the reproductive age
group. It is mainly caused by Candida albicans and in some cases includes a co-infection …

Within recent years the level of interest in both local and systemic vaginal drug delivery
systems has increased considerably. The vagina offers numerous advantages as a site for …