Cells in the renal inner medulla are normally exposed to extraordinarily high levels of NaCl
and urea. The osmotic stress causes numerous perturbations because of the hypertonic …

The renal medulla produces concentrated urine through the generation of an osmotic
gradient extending from the cortico-medullary boundary to the inner medullary tip. This …

The glucagon receptor (GCGR) in the kidney is expressed in nephron tubules. In humans
and animal models with chronic kidney disease, renal GCGR expression is reduced …

While hyperosmolality of the kidney medulla is essential for urinary concentration, it imposes
a great deal of stress. Cells in the renal medulla adapt to the stress of hypertonicity …

Aim Recent evidence suggests that arterial hypertension could be alternatively explained as
a physiological adaptation response to water shortage, termed aestivation, which relies on …

Tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP), which is also known as nuclear
factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), was discovered 20 years ago as a transcriptional …

▪ Abstract Urea plays a key role in the urine-concentrating mechanism. Physiologic and
molecular data demonstrate that urea transport in kidney and red blood cells occurs by …

Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) plays a key role in protecting renal
cells from hypertonic stress by stimulating transcription of specific genes. Under hypertonic …

The cellular response to osmotic stress ensures that the concentration of water inside the
cell is maintained within a range that is compatible with biologic function. Single cell …

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is released from the posterior pituitary gland during states of
hyperosmolality or hypovolemia. AVP is a peptide hormone, with antidiuretic and …