Introduction In order to assess the significance of drug levels measured in intensive care
medicine, clinical and forensic toxicology, as well as for therapeutic drug monitoring, it is …

Background: Opioid abuse has continued to increase at an alarming rate since our last
opioid guidelines were published in 2005. Available evidence suggests a continued wide …

Use of chronic opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain has increased substantially. The
American Pain Society and the American Academy of Pain Medicine commissioned a …

Despite the significant decline in coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality in the second half
of the 20th century, 1 sudden cardiac death (SCD) continues to claim 250 000 to 300 000 …

Opioids are the most potent of all analgesics. Although traditionally used solely for acute self-
limited conditions and palliation of severe cancer-associated pain, a movement to promote …

Description: An independent panel developed cardiac safety recommendations for
physicians prescribing methadone. Methods: Expert panel members reviewed and …

Chronic noncancer pain is common and use of opioids is increasing. Previously published
guidelines on use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain have been based primarily on …

Methadone is one of the most popular synthetic opioids in the world with some favorable
properties making it useful both in the treatment of moderate to severe pain and for opioid …

A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, eg gas concentration, pH value;
Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, eg interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using …

Methods: Literature searches were performed using PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Review,
and Google Scholar without publication date limits. Of 264,617 articles' titles screened and …