The wide variety of animal behaviours that can be observed today arose through the
evolution of their underlying neural circuits. Advances in understanding the mechanisms …

Natriuretic peptides are a family of three structurally related hormone/paracrine factors. Atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are secreted from the cardiac …

Memory is fleeting. New material rapidly obliterates previous material. How, then, can the
brain deal successfully with the continual deluge of linguistic input? We argue that, to deal …

What is the nature of the genetic changes underlying phenotypic evolution? We have
catalogued 1008 alleles described in the literature that cause phenotypic differences among …

Cognition is defined as the processes by which animals collect, retain and use information
from their environment to guide their behaviour. Thus cognition is essential in a wide range …

Publisher Summary This chapter provides insights for behavioral ecology from behavioral
syndromes. A behavioral syndrome involves behavioral consistency, both within and …

The mushroom body is required for a variety of behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster.
Different types of intrinsic and extrinsic mushroom body neurons might underlie its functional …

Understanding the genetic underpinnings of adaptive change is a fundamental but largely
unresolved problem in evolutionary biology. D rosophila melanogaster, an ancestrally …

An integrative view of diversity and singularity in the living world requires a better
understanding of the intricate link between genotypes and phenotypes. Here we re …

When humans and other animals make cultural innovations, they also change their
environment, thereby imposing new selective pressures that can modify their biological …