The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

Nucleus accumbens dopamine is known to play a role in motivational processes, and
dysfunctions of mesolimbic dopamine may contribute to motivational symptoms of …

Since its first edition, An Introduction to Theories of Learning has provided a uniquely
sweeping review of the major learning theories from the 20th century that profoundly …

Rational and objectives. The reinstatement model is currently used in many laboratories to
investigate mechanisms underlying relapse to drug seeking. Here, we review briefly the …

Background Over the last several years, it has become apparent that there are critical
problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems, particularly in the nucleus …

Although the Skinnerian 'Empirical Law of Effect'does not directly consider the fundamental
properties of stimuli that enable them to act as reinforcers, such considerations are critical for …

Among the neurotransmitters involved in addiction, dopamine (DA) is clearly the best known.
The critical role of DA in addiction is supported by converging evidence that has been …

Evidence that psychoactive substance use disorders, bulimia nervosa, pathological
gambling, and sexual addiction share an underlying biopsychological process is …