Mounting evidence suggests that the gut microbiome impacts brain development and
function. Gut–brain connections may be mediated by an assortment of microbial molecules …

The morbidity associated with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is increasing, posing a
threat to the mental and physical quality of life of humans. The crucial effect of microbiota on …

Fever is the result of inflammation and the innate self-defense response of organisms, can
cause abnormal changes in the activity of many enzymes in organisms, including the …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell-wall immunostimulatory endotoxin component of Gram-
negative bacteria. A growing body of evidence reveals that alterations in the bacterial …

Previous studies have demonstrated a close association between an altered immune
system and major depressive disorders, and inhibition of neuroinflammation may represent …

Increasing evidence from animal and human studies suggests that inflammation may be
involved in mood disorders. Sickness behavior and emotional changes induced by …

The manipulation of the enteric microbiota with specific prebiotics and probiotics, has been
shown to reduce the host's inflammatory response, alter brain chemistry, and modulate …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a chronic and recurrent psychiatric condition
characterized by depressed mood, social isolation and anhedonia. It will affect 20% of …

Microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research is a fast-growing field of inquiry with important
implications for how human brain function and behaviour are understood. Researchers …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
Upregulation of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) by proinflammatory cytokines has been …