The last decade has been somewhat of a renaissance period for the field of macrophage
biology. This renewed interest, combined with the advent of new technologies and …

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the sentinel cells of the alveolar space, maintaining
homeostasis, fending off pathogens, and controlling lung inflammation. During acute lung …

NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen
species (ROS). Numerous homologue-specific mechanisms control the activity of this …

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) comprises a large number of chronic lung disease
characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Mostly they are idiopathic …

Fibrosis is the formation of fibrous connective tissue in response to injury. It is characterized
by the accumulation of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen, at the site of …

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is established to be involved in the pathogenesis of
diabetic nephropathy. The diabetic milieu enhances oxidative stress and induces the …

Abstract Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is involved in innate and adaptive immune responses to defend
against pathogens. It also participates in the process of influenza infection by affecting viral …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury (ALI) was described in 1967. The
uncontrolled inflammation is a central issue of the syndrome. The regulatory T cells (Tregs) …

Platelets are essential for physiological hemostasis and are central in pathological
thrombosis. These are their traditional and best known activities in health and disease. In …

The pathobiology of respiratory failure in COVID-19 consists of a complex interplay between
viral cytopathic effects and a dysregulated host immune response. In critically ill patients …