Retinoic acid, a derivative of vitamin A, is an essential component of cell-cell signaling
during vertebrate organogenesis. In early development, retinoic acid organizes the trunk by …

Various independent discoveries have shown that many organic codes exist in living
systems, and this implies that they came into being during the history of life and contributed …

The developmental process of myelination and the adult regenerative process of
remyelination share the common objective of investing nerve axons with myelin sheaths. A …

OLIG2 is a transcription factor that activates the expression of myelin-associated genes in
the oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. However, the mechanisms of myelin gene inactivation are …

Retinoic acid (RA) is one of the most important morphogens, and its embryonic distribution
correlates with neural differentiation and positional specification in the developing central …

The molecular mechanisms regulating fate divergence of closely related, but distinct, layer 6
corticothalamic and layer 5 subcerebral projection neurons are largely unknown. We …

We have developed a four-part protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells
(hESCs) to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) according to developmental principles …

LIM homeodomain codes regulate the development of many cell types, though it is poorly
understood how these factors control gene expression in a cell-specific manner. Lhx3 is …

Abstract Systems Biology and the Modern Synthesis are recent versions of two classical
biological paradigms that are known as structuralism and functionalism, or internalism and …

Recent molecular genetic studies suggest that the expression of transcription factors in the
developing spinal cord helps determine the morphological and physiological properties of …