In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather
active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical …

Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-
13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity …

Cytokine production by B cells is important for multiple aspects of immunity. B cell-derived
cytokines, including lymphotoxin, are essential for the ontogenesis, homeostasis and …

BACKGROUND: IL-10–producing regulatory B cells suppress immune responses, and lack
of these cells leads to exacerbated symptoms in mouse models of chronic inflammation …

B cells are regarded for their capacity to produce antibody. However, recent advances in B
cell biology have capitalized on old findings and demonstrated that B cells also release a …

Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical
regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower …

The vertebrate immune system has evolved in concert with a broad range of infectious
agents, including ubiquitous helminth (worm) parasites. The constant pressure of helminth …

Schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity in humans invoked by chronic infection with
parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosomes have a complex life-cycle …

Immune tolerance to both self-antigens and innocuous non–self-antigens is essential to
protect the host against chronic inflammatory diseases and tissue damage. A wide range of …

Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (T reg) cells have been implicated in parasite-driven
inhibition of host immunity during chronic infection. We addressed whether parasites can …