Intrinsically disordered protein regions exist in a collection of dynamic interconverting
conformations that lack a stable 3D structure. These regions are structurally heterogeneous …

Biomolecular condensates play a key role in organizing cellular fluids such as the cytoplasm
and nucleoplasm. Most of these non-membranous organelles show liquid-like properties …

Cells are crowded, but proteins are almost always studied in dilute aqueous buffer. We
review the experimental evidence that crowding affects the equilibrium thermodynamics of …

Intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDRs) are abundant in eukaryotic
proteomes and play a wide variety of essential roles. Instead of folding into a stable …

Centrosomes are non-membrane-bound compartments that nucleate microtubule arrays.
They consist of nanometer-scale centrioles surrounded by a micron-scale, dynamic …

Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is an abundant, oligomeric protein in the granular component of the
nucleolus with roles in ribosome biogenesis. Pentameric NPM1 undergoes liquid–liquid …

In the 1960s, Christian Anfinsen postulated that the unique three-dimensional structure of a
protein is determined by its amino acid sequence. This work laid the foundation for the …

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins into biomolecular condensates has
emerged as a fundamental principle underpinning cellular function and malfunction. Indeed …

The intracellular environment represents an extremely crowded milieu, with a limited amount
of free water and an almost complete lack of unoccupied space. Obviously, slightly salted …

The molecular machinery that enables life has evolved in water, yet many of the organisms
around us are able to survive even extreme desiccation. Especially remarkable are single …