Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of
melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with …

The central role of dysregulated kinase activity in the etiology of progressive disorders,
including cancer, has fostered incremental efforts on drug discovery programs over the past …

Cancer is characterized as a complex disease caused by coordinated alterations of multiple
signaling pathways. The Ras/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling is one of the best-defined …

Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

KRAS mutations occur in a quarter of all of human cancers, yet no selective drug has been
approved to treat these tumors. Despite the recent development of drugs that block KRAS …

RAS proteins are binary switches, cycling between ON and OFF states during signal
transduction. These switches are normally tightly controlled, but in RAS-related diseases …

RAS genes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene
family in human cancer. With the highest RAS mutation frequencies seen with the top three …

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a malignant proliferation of cutaneous
epithelium, represents 20% to 50% of skin cancers. Although the majority of cSCCs are …