Abstract Purpose of Review Runt-related transcription factors (RUNX) play critical roles in
skeletal development, metabolism, and diseases. In mammals, three RUNX members …

Skeletal development is tightly coordinated by chondrocytes and osteoblasts, which are
derived from skeletal progenitors, and distinct cell-type gene regulatory programs underlie …

The cranial neural crest generates a huge diversity of derivatives, including the bulk of
connective and skeletal tissues of the vertebrate head. How neural crest cells acquire such …

The transcriptional regulator Runx2 (runt-related transcription factor 2) has essential but
distinct roles in osteoblasts and chondrocytes in skeletal development. However, Runx2 …

The genetic basis of human facial variation and craniofacial birth defects remains poorly
understood. Distant-acting transcriptional enhancers control the fine-tuned spatiotemporal …

Forkhead box (Fox) family, an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors
carrying the “Forkhead” motif, plays an indispensable role in human health and disease. Fox …

Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is a congenital defect that usually results from aberrant
development of embryonic pharyngeal arches. However, the molecular basis of CFM …

Adult endochondral bones are prefigured in the embryo as cellular condensations within
fields of more loosely distributed skeletal progenitors. How these early condensations are …

Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome (ARS) encompasses a group of developmental disorders that
affect the anterior segment of the eye, as well as systemic developmental defects in some …

How distinct cell fates are manifested by direct lineage ancestry from bipotent progenitors, or
by specification of individual cell types is a key question for understanding the emergence of …