Simple Summary Growth factors are hormone-like molecules able to promote division and
migration of normal cells, but cancer captured the underlying mechanisms to unleash tumor …

Gene transcription is the process by which the genetic codes of organisms are read and
interpreted as a set of instructions for cells to divide, differentiate, migrate, and mature. As …

Arthropods have well adapted to the vast array of chemicals they encounter in their
environment. Whether these xenobiotics are plant allelochemicals or anthropogenic …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse cellular programs by
relaying extracellular signals to intracellular responses. In mammals, there are more than a …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is almost uniformly fatal and characterized by
early metastasis. Oncogenic KRAS mutations prevail in 95% of PDAC tumors and co-occur …

The cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is phosphorylated in response
to a wide variety of signals, yet target gene transcription is only increased in a subset of …

▪ Abstract Neurotrophins regulate development, maintenance, and function of vertebrate
nervous systems. Neurotrophins activate two different classes of receptors, the Trk family of …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases comprise a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,
protein-serine/threonine kinases, which participate in signal transduction pathways that …