The delivery of drugs via transdermal routes is an attractive approach due to ease of
administration, bypassing of the first-pass metabolism, and the large skin surface area …

One long-standing approach for improving transdermal drug delivery uses penetration
enhancers (also called sorption promoters or accelerants) which penetrate into skin to …

Chemical Penetration Enhancers for Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems Page 1 Inayat and
Setty Trop J Pharm Res, April 2009; 8 (2): 173 Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research …

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are designed to deliver drugs through the skin
and into the systemic circulation. They offer several advantages over traditional oral or …

There is considerable interest in the skin as a site of drug application for both local and
systemic effect. However, the skin, in particular the stratum corneum, possesses a …

Polyphenols, which are secondary plant metabolites, gain increasing research interest due
to their therapeutic potential. Among them, resveratrol and curcumin are two agents showing …

Current topical minoxidil (MXD) formulations involve an unpleasant organic solvent which
causes patient incompliance in addition to side effects in some cases. Therefore, the …

Chemical penetration enhancers have been studied for a long time as a means to increase
the transport of a drug across the skin barrier. They exert their effect by using a range of …

Terpenes are considered potent skin permeation enhancers with low toxicity. Electron
paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of the spin label 5-doxyl stearic acid (5-DSA) …

The fluidity of vesicular membrane affects vesicular transdermal drug delivery. Essential oils
can be located in vesicular membrane imparting flexibility and influencing transdermal …