With the Arctic rapidly changing, the needs to observe, understand, and model the changes
are essential. To support these needs, an annual cycle of observations of atmospheric …

The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its
flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the …

The magnitude, spectral composition, and variability of the Arctic sea ice surface albedo are
key to understanding and numerically simulating Earth's shortwave energy budget. Spectral …

The seasonal sea ice zone encompasses the region between the winter maximum and
summer minimum sea ice extent. In both the Arctic and Antarctic, the majority of the ice cover …

We investigate how sea ice decline in summer and warmer ocean and surface temperatures
in winter affect sea ice growth in the Arctic. Sea ice volume changes are estimated from …

Sea ice is a key component of the Earth's climate system as it modulates the energy
exchanges and associated feedback processes at the air–sea interface in polar regions …

We evaluate the skills of ocean–sea ice general circulation models involved in the Ocean
Modeling Intercomparison Project in simulating the ocean mixed layer depth and its …

The seasonal ice-free period in the Hudson Bay Complex (HBC) has grown longer in recent
decades in response to warming, both from progressively earlier sea-ice retreat in summer …

As sea ice disappears, the emergence of open ocean deep convection in the Arctic, which
would enhance ice loss, has been suggested. Here, using 36 state‐of‐the‐art climate …

Vertical heat conduction through young ice is a major source of wintertime sea ice growth in
the Arctic. However, field observations indicate that young ice preferentially accumulates …