Bile acids are commonly known as digestive agents for lipids. The mechanisms of bile acids
in the gastrointestinal track during normal physiological conditions as well as hepatic and …

Ammonia is diffused and transported across all plasma membranes. This entails that
hyperammonemia leads to an increase in ammonia in all organs and tissues. It is known that …

The intestine is a major source of systemic ammonia (NH3); thus, capturing part of gut NH3
may mitigate disease symptoms in conditions of hyperammonemia such as urea cycle …

Brain imaging technology has allowed researchers to conduct rigorous studies of the
dynamic course of alcoholism through periods of drinking, sobriety, and relapse and to gain …

Liver failure affects brain function, leading to neurological and psychiatric alterations; such
alterations are referred to as hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Early diagnosis of minimal HE …

Hyperammonemia can be caused by various acquired or inherited disorders such as urea
cycle defects. The brain is much more susceptible to the deleterious effects of ammonium in …

In addition to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), thioacetamide (TAA) represents a second widely
used model for the induction of experimental liver fibrosis, but can also be employed for the …

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hyperammonemia and inflammation cooperate to induce
neurological alterations in hepatic encephalopathy. Recent studies in animal models …

Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that catalyzes the production of
lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic growth‐factor–like lysophospholipid. Increased …

Evidence suggests that the hyperammonemia (HA)-induced neuroinflammation and
alterations in the serotonin (5-HT) system may contribute to cognitive decline and anxiety …