This paper surveys the literature on the definitions and theories of the informal economy (IE).
It outlines the main differences in the definitional approaches of informality and proposes a …

Despite a growing number of studies featuring “informality” in their title, including many from
the post-socialist region, little has been done to reach a consensus on what informality …

Using the multiple indicator-multiple cause (MIMIC) approach, this paper generates a novel
global database by estimating the size of the shadow economy for 157 countries over 1991 …

We undertake an extended discussion of the latest developments about the existing and
new estimation methods of the shadow economy. New results on the shadow economy for …

This paper presents various methods used for estimating the size of the shadow economy.
Each method is evaluated and its strengths and weaknesses are discussed, as well as …

Illicit work, social security fraud, economic crime and other shadow economy activities are
fast becoming an international problem. This second edition uses new data to reassess …

Recognizing that enterprises operate at varying levels of informality, this paper evaluates the
determinants of their degree of informality. Reporting a 2012 survey of 300 informal …

The focus of this paper lies on the “driving forces” of the size and development of the
shadow economy in 31 European and 5 other non-European OECD countries from 2003 to …

In this paper the main focus lies on the shadow economy and on work in the shadow in
OECD, developing and transition countries. Besides informal employment in the rural and …

This book brings together two leading researchers in the field to provide a comprehensive
overview of the shadow economy from a global perspective. Reviewing the advantages and …