Highlights•Climate is changing fastest at high latitudes and in winter.•Phenological shifts in
response to climate change are common.•Warmer winters may influence spring phenology …

Diapause is considered an important adaptation for survival of winter; however, insects often
enter diapause long before its onset. Thus, diapausing insects must also be able to survive …

Seasons impose different selection pressures on organisms through contrasting
environmental conditions. How such seasonal evolutionary conflict is resolved in organisms …

Insects have major impacts on forest ecosystems, from herbivory and soil-nutrient cycling to
killing trees at a large scale. Forest insects from temperate, tropical, and subtropical regions …

Plasticity in traits in response to environmental conditions can increase fitness, expanding
the range of environments within which a genotype can generate viable and productive …

Phenotypic plasticity is produced and maintained by processes regulating the transcriptome.
While differential gene expression is among the most important of these processes …

The complex ecological and socioeconomic interactions that exist in urban areas create
novel abiotic environments and novel ecosystems. Microclimates in urban areas have been …

Diapause, a general shutdown of developmental pathways, is a vital adaptation allowing
insects to adjust their life cycle to adverse environmental conditions such as winter …

Winter diapause in insects is commonly terminated through cold exposure, which, like
vernalization in plants, prevents development before spring arrives. Currently, quantitative …

Diapause, a form of insect dormancy, generally facilitates overwintering by increasing cold
tolerance and decreasing energy drain at high temperatures via metabolic rate suppression …