Metastatic dissemination occurs very early in the malignant progression of a cancer but the
clinical manifestation of metastases often takes years. In recent decades, 5-year survival of …

The three RAS genes—HRAS, NRAS and KRAS—are collectively mutated in one-third of
human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. Interestingly, there are rather …

Therapeutic advances in oncology have not fully translated to the treatment of metastatic
disease, which remains largely incurable. Metastatic subclones can emerge both early and …

Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a group of naturally occurring compounds present in many plant
species of the Aristolochiaceae family. Exposure to AA is a significant risk factor for severe …

Cancer cells must adapt their metabolism to meet the energetic and biosynthetic demands
that accompany rapid growth of the primary tumor and colonization of distinct metastatic …

Cancer is driven by genomic mutations in 'cancer driver'genes, which have essential roles in
tumor development. These mutations may be caused by exposure to mutagens in the …

Chromosomal aberrations during cell division represent one of the first recognized features
of human cancer cells, and modern detection methods have revealed the pervasiveness of …

Heterogeneous cells are the main feature of tumors with unique genetic and phenotypic
characteristics, which can stimulate differentially the progression, metastasis, and drug …

Background Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has improved metastatic cancer patient
survival, but response rates remain low. There is an unmet need to identify mechanisms and …

Tumour heterogeneity poses a substantial problem for the clinical management of cancer.
Somatic evolution of the cancer genome results in genetically distinct subclones in the …