Conifers have evolved different chemical and anatomical defences against a wide range of
antagonists. Resin ducts produce, store and translocate oleoresin, a complex terpenoid …

Extreme weather episodes related to anthropogenic climate change have enhanced the
frequency and magnitude of bark beetle disturbance, causing worldwide mortality of forests …

Interactions between water stress and induced defenses and their role in tree mortality due
to bark beetles are poorly understood. We performed a factorial experiment on 48 mature …

Periodic mountain pine beetle outbreaks have killed millions of hectares of lodgepole pine
forests in western North America. Within these forests some pine trees often remain alive. It …

In woody plants, bark is an important protective tissue which can participate in
photosynthesis, manage water loss, and transport assimilates. Studying the bark anatomical …

Resin ducts are important anatomical defensive traits related to biotic resistance in conifers.
Previous studies have reported intraspecific genetic variation in resin duct characteristics …

Intraspecific variation in plant defences is expected to be the result of adaptive and plastic
responses to environmental conditions, where trade-offs between growth and defences are …

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a critical forest species of Northern Rocky Mountain
upper subalpine ecosystems, yet little is known about the physiological response of …

Warming temperatures are allowing native insect herbivores to expand into regions that
previously exceeded their thermal tolerance, encounter new host species, and pose …

Introduction Tree defense characteristics play a crucial role in modulating conifer bark beetle
interactions, and there is a growing body of literature investigating factors mediating tree …