Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), but their precise roles are unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of …

The modern era of multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment began 25 years ago, with the approval
of IFNβ and glatiramer acetate for the treatment of relapsing–remitting MS. Ten years later …

There are> 18 distinct disease-modifying therapy (DMT) options covering 10 mechanisms of
action currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of …

Early evaluation of treatment response and prediction of disease evolution are key issues in
the management of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). In the past 20 years, MRI has …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system
characterized by focal or diffuse inflammation, demyelination, axonal loss and …

Cladribine is a purine nucleoside analogue that selectively depletes peripheral lymphocytes
without a major impact on cells of the innate immune system. An oral formulation of …

Background: Cladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg cumulative over 2 years (CT3. 5) had significant
clinical/imaging effects in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS; ORACLE-MS) or …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, chronic, progressive disease leading to a
combination of inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration throughout the central …

Whereas drugs used for maintenance/escalation therapy do not maintain their beneficial
effect after cessation of therapy, some new highly effective therapies can show prolonged …

Imaging markers that are reliable, reproducible and sensitive to neurodegenerative changes
in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) can enhance the development of new medications …