Electrostatic phenomena play a crucial role in many biological processes. For membranes
they are signifi-

Cardiac and nerve Na channels have broadly similar functional properties and amino acid
sequences, but they demonstrate specific differences in gating, permeation, ionic block …

In many respects tetrodotoxin (TTX) is the quintessential natural toxin. It is unequivocally
toxic to mammals with LD50 values for mice in the range of 10 μg/kg (intraperitoneal), 16 …

1. Single canine cardiac Purkinje cells were internally perfused and voltage clamped with a
large‐bore perfusion pipette for measurement of sodium ionic current (INa) in the absence …

1. The effects of the extracellular divalent cations barium, calcium, cadmium, cobalt,
magnesium, manganese, nickel and zinc and the trivalent cation lanthanum on macroscopic …

Voltage-gated Na+ channels (NaV channels) are specifically blocked by guanidinium toxins
such as tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) with nanomolar to micromolar affinity …

Monovalent and divalent cations competitively displace tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin (STX)
from their binding sites on nerve and skeletal muscle Na channels. Recent studies of cloned …

Two charybdotoxin peptides were purified from venom of the Israeli scorpion, Leiurus
quinquestriatus hebraeus. Microsequencing of the most abundant toxin, ChTX-Lq1 …

The effects of external protons on single sodium channel currents recorded from cell-
attached patches on guinea pig ventricular myocytes were investigated. Extracellular …

Peter Läuger introduced me (PCJ) to the field of ion-channel electrostatics while I was a
sabbatical visitor at Konstanz in 1978–79. Läuger pointed out that the relative conductance …