The notion that men are more variable than women has become embedded into scientific
thinking. For mental traits like personality, greater male variability has been partly attributed …

Highlights•Invertebrates representing 98% of all species are neglected in personality
research.•The lack of data confines comparative analyses to unravel personality evolution.• …

A crucial assumption of animal personality research is that behaviour is consistent over time,
showing a high repeatability within individuals. This assumption is often made, sometimes …

Understanding how and why consistent behavioural traits (ie animal personality) vary
between individuals, and identifying the mechanisms that underlie such variation, is a key …

Urbanization is rapidly converting natural landscapes into habitats dominated by man‐made
structures. Urbanized areas possess a range of novel stressors such as increased human …

Personality in free-living individuals has predominantly been measured under standardized
laboratory conditions. Such measurements have been then linked to life-history traits, fitness …

In many species, males tend to have lower parental investment than females and greater
variance in their reproductive success. Males might therefore be expected to adopt more …

Time-activity budget, ie, how a population or an individual divides their day into various
behaviours and activities, is an important ecological aspect. Existing research primarily …

Conscientiousness is a fundamental aspect of human personality, one that is closely linked
with various favorable life outcomes. Despite its importance in humans, conscientiousness …

Recent studies of animal personality have focused on its proximate causation and
ecological and evolutionary significance in particular, but the question of its development …