Immunotherapies are the most rapidly growing drug class and have a major impact in
oncology and on human health. It is increasingly clear that the effectiveness of …

Macrophages are the most abundant and one of the most critical cells of tumor immunity.
They provide a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity through releasing cytokines …

Inhibitors that block the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway can potentiate
endogenous antitumor immunity and have markedly improved cancer survival rates across a …

Background IL-21 is a key player of adaptive immunity, with well-established roles in B-cell
and cytotoxic T-cell responses. IL-21 has been implicated in promotion of effector CD4+ T …

Circulating follicular helper T (cTfh) cells are a novel subset of cluster of differentiation (CD)
4+ helper T cells. Interleukin (IL)‑21 and C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 13 are the …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are immunosuppressive cells involved in antitumor immunity.
However, the regulation of Treg generation by inflammation in the tumor microenvironment …

IL-21 is an immunomodulatory cytokine produced by natural killer (NK) cells and T cells that
has pleiotropic roles in immune and nonimmune cells. IL-21 can modulate innate and …

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a known cause of cervical cancer, squamous cell
carcinoma and laryngeal cancer. Although treatments exist for HPV-associated …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are responsible for maintaining immune homeostasis and
preventing autoimmunity. In immune homeostasis condition, Tregs exert their suppressive …

Abstract Background Purpose: The combination of a mammalian target of rapamycin
inhibitor and lenalidomide showed enhanced preclinical cytotoxicity. We conducted a phase …