The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is essential for their survival in harsh
environments and provides intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics. This membrane is …

The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative bacteria is an asymmetric lipid bilayer that
consists of inner leaflet phospholipids and outer leaflet lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The …

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is unique in both structure and function. The
surface-exposed outer leaflet is composed of lipopolysaccharide, while the inner leaflet is …

The Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope is a complex multilayered structure comprising a
bilayered phospholipid (PL) membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm (inner membrane or …

Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles into the external milieu to deliver
effector molecules that alter the host and facilitate virulence. Vesicle formation is driven by …

The highly asymmetric outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria functions in the defense
against cytotoxic substances, such as antibiotics. The Mla pathway maintains outer …

Peptide antibiotics are an abundant and synthetically tractable source of molecular diversity,
but they are often cationic and can be cytotoxic, nephrotoxic and/or ototoxic, which has …

The transition between cell envelopes with one membrane (Gram-positive or monoderm)
and those with two membranes (Gram-negative or diderm) is a fundamental open question …

E. coli and most other diderm bacteria (those with two membranes) have an inner
membrane enriched in glycerophospholipids (GPLs) and an asymmetric outer membrane …

In Gram-negative bacteria, phospholipids are major components of the inner membrane and
the inner leaflet of the outer membrane, playing an essential role in forming the unique dual …