Despite many years of research, human DNA vaccines have yet to fulfill their early promise.
Over the past 15 years, multiple generations of DNA vaccines have been developed and …

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a broad range of biological functions in
many diverse cell types. It plays a major role in the development of inflammatory and …

Chagas heart disease is an inflammatory cardiomyopathy that develops in approximately
one-third of individuals infected with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Since the …

Chagas disease is currently endemic to 21 Latin-American countries and has also become a
global concern because of globalization and mass migration of chronically infected …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-15, a member of the immunoregulatory cytokines family, is a
pluripotent molecule with therapeutic potential. It is predominantly expressed by the myeloid …

Advances in molecular biology have revolutionized the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as a
therapeutic. The concept of nucleic acid therapy with mRNA originated in 1990 when Wolff …

In the past ten years, studies have shown the recognition of Trypanosoma cruzi‐associated
molecular patterns by members of the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) family and demonstrated the …

Chagas disease (ChD), caused by the hemoflagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects
six to seven million people in Latin America. Lately, it has become an emerging public …

Chagas disease is major public health problem, affecting nearly 10 million people,
characterized by cardiac alterations leading to congestive heart failure and death of 20-40 …

Poor immunogenicity remains the single biggest obstacle to human DNA vaccines achieving
their potential. Strategies to improve DNA vaccine efficacy include codon optimization …