Immuno-oncology is an emerging field that has revolutionized cancer treatment. Most
immunomodulatory strategies focus on enhancing T cell responses, but there has been a …

Haematological malignancies were previously thought to be driven solely by genetic or
epigenetic lesions within haematopoietic cells. However, the niches that maintain and …

DNA damage, oncogene activation and excessive proliferation, chromatin modulations or
oxidative stress are all important hallmarks of cancer. Interestingly, all of these abnormalities …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses
via multiple mechanisms. TGF-β also importantly contributes to the formation of an …

Metastasis is one of the main contributors to the poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
(HCC). However, the underlying mechanism of HCC metastasis remains largely unknown …

Considerable evidence has been gathered over the last 10 years showing that the tumor
microenvironment (TME) is not simply a passive recipient of immune cells, but an active …

Metastasis represents the leading cause of cancer-related death mainly owing to the limited
efficacy of current anticancer therapies on advanced malignancies. Although …

Tumor microenvironment represents the site where the tumor tries to survive and escape
from immune system-mediated recognition. Indeed, to proliferate tumor cells can divert the …

Simple Summary Immune surveillance during periods of cellular stress is necessary to
maintain homeostasis. In distressed cells, the expression of stress (natural killer group 2 …

Abstract Background CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4) is traditionally known as a
negative regulator of T cell activation. The blocking of CTLA-4 using human monoclonal …