▪ Abstract Hyperparasitoids are secondary insect parasitoids that develop at the expense of
a primary parasitoid, thereby representing a highly evolved fourth trophic level. This review …

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial
food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological …

T he Charipi nae (Cyni poidea: Fi gitidae) are a small gr oup of Hym enoptera biologically
characterized as being secondary par asitoids of aphids and psyllids (Hemiptera)(Menke & …

In studies of foraging behaviour in a multitrophic context, the fourth trophic level has
generally been ignored. We used four aphid hyperparasitoid species: Dendrocerus …

The present paper reviews available studies on the biology, ecology and con Trioxys
indicus, a polyphagous endoparasitoid of aphids infesting agricultural crops and vegetables …

Food chains of plant-associated communities typically reach beyond three trophic levels.
The predators and parasitoids in the third trophic level are under attack by top predators or …

Abstract The aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) are small insects sucking sap from a vast
variety of crop plants. They are cosmopolitan but are most abundant in the temperate …

Many species of parasitoid wasps use plant volatiles to locate their herbivorous hosts. These
volatiles are reliable indicators of host presence when their emission in plants is induced by …

The aphid hyperparasitoids in India are represented by at least 15 genera and 24 species.
Most of the species have been identified only up to generic level. Thirty two species of aphid …

1. Alloxysta pleuralis (Cameron) is a cynipoid (Hymenoptera) hyperparasitoid of aphids
(Homoptera) through their aphidiid (Hymenoptera) parasitoids. 2. It was recorded attacking …