Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter released at
GABAergic synapses, mediating fast-acting phasic inhibition. Emerging lines of evidence …

Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by
a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and …

Dopamine neurons are characterized by their response to unexpected rewards, but they
also fire during movement and aversive stimuli. Dopamine neuron diversity has been …

Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

A full understanding of Parkinson's Disease etiopathogenesis and of the causes of the
preferential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons is still an unsolved puzzle. A …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with a highly multifaceted
pathology that includes (but is not limited to) sensitivity to drug-associated cues, negative …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is best known for its robust dopaminergic projections to
forebrain regions and their critical role in regulating reward, motivation, cognition, and …

Mammalian arginine metabolism is complex due to the expression of multiple enzymes that
utilize arginine as substrate and to interactions or competition between specific enzymes …

Dysfunctional dopamine (DA) signaling has been associated with a broad spectrum of
neuropsychiatric disorders, prompting investigations into how midbrain DA neuron …

Neurons in the mammalian brain are not limited to releasing a single neurotransmitter but
often release multiple neurotransmitters onto postsynaptic cells. Here, we review recent …