Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a common complication of diabetic retinopathy and is the
leading cause of vision loss in diabetic patients. Various factors, such as metabolic disorders …

Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) is an important structural unit in skeletal muscle that
connects the cytoskeleton (f-actin) of a muscle fiber to the extracellular matrix (ECM) …

Aims Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is one subtype of dementia that may
improve following drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This prospective observational …

Intellectual disability in Duchenne muscular dystrophy has been associated with the loss of
dystrophin‐protein 71, Dp71, the main dystrophin‐gene product in the adult brain. Dp71 …

Optic neuritis, a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), involves the inflammation of
the optic nerve and the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Although previous …

Multiple dystrophin Dp71 isoforms have been identified in rats, mice, and humans and in
several cell line models. These Dp71 isoforms are produced by the alternative splicing of …

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a relatively widespread genetic disease which
develops as a result of a mutation in the gene DMD encoding dystrophin. In this review …

Hypoxia‐dependent accumulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a
major role in retinal diseases characterized by neovessel formation. In this study, we …

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by X-linked inherited or de novo DMD gene
mutations predominantly affecting males who develop early-onset muscle degeneration …

Status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity) impairs brain-blood barrier (BBB)
integrity, which results in secondary complications following SE. The non-integrin 67-kDa …