Foraging behaviour is one of the distinctive behaviours of honey bees, Apis mellifera. This
behaviour is the link between the honey bee colony and the ambient environment …

Honeybees exhibit two patterns of organization of work. In the spring and summer, division
of labor is used to maximize growth rate and resource accumulation, while during the winter …

There is increasing worldwide concern about the impacts of pesticide residues on honey
bees and bee colony survival, but how sublethal effects of pesticides on bees might cause …

Octopamine (OCT) belongs to a group of compounds known as biogenic amines. OCT, a
monohydroxylic analog of norepinephrine, is found in both vertebrate and invertebrate …

Motile animals actively seek out and gather resources they find rewarding, and this is an
extremely powerful organizer and motivator of animal behavior. Mammalian studies have …

Pesticides are substances that have been widely used throughout the world to kill, repel, or
control organisms such as certain forms of plants or animals considered as pests …

The biological concept of stress originated in mammals, where a “General Adaptation
Syndrome” describes a set of common integrated physiological responses to diverse …

Octopamine functions as a neuromodulator, neurotransmitter, and neurohormone in insect
nervous systems. Octopamine has a prominent role in influencing multiple physiological …

Rates of honey bee colony failure have increased significantly across much of North
America and Europe, which has directed attention to the need to better understand the …

Biogenic amines are important messenger substances in the central nervous system and in
peripheral organs of vertebrates and of invertebrates. The honeybee, Apis mellifera, is …