This paper reviews and compares patent pools, intellectual property (IP) clearinghouses,
and copyright collectives as systems for promoting efficient access to licensable IP in a …

Patent pools are an important but little‐studied economic institution. In this article, we first
make a set of predictions about the licensing terms associated with patent pools. The …

At the beginning of 2004, the standards for third generation (3G) cellular technology were
embodied in 483 Technical Specifications published by the two Partnership Projects: 3GPP …

Patent pools are cooperative agreements between two or more firms to license their related
patents as a bundle. In a continuous-time model of multistage innovations, we characterize …

Several recent technological standards were accompanied by patent pools—arrangements
to license relevant intellectual property as a package. A key distinction made by regulators …

We analyze the extent to which patent pools (agreements where patent holders agree to
license their intellectual property as a package) could be used as an institution to facilitate …

Intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in Japan has been significantly strengthened
since the early 1990s. 2 Initially, the impetus for such change came from abroad. Under the …

We focus on downstream uses of intellectual property (IP) that combine multiple rights and
examine the effects of introducing an IP clearinghouse. We identify the two sometimes …

This paper examines the structure and the evolution of the patents judged as essential for
three major recent technical standards in information technology (MPEG2, DVD and W …

ABSTRACT Recently Patent Pooling has a fast growing interest as a good alternative means
to decrease transaction costs between IPRs owners and promote technology …