Plants secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) as an induced defense against herbivores. EFN
contains not only carbohydrates and amino acids but also pathogenesis-related proteins …

Ant–plant symbioses involve plants that provide hollow structures specialized for housing
ants and often food to ants. In return, the inhabiting ants protect plants against herbivores …

Mutualisms, interactions between two species that benefit both of them, have long captured
the public imagination. Their influence transcends levels of biological organization from cells …

Seed dispersal interactions involve key ecological processes in tropical forests that help to
maintain ecosystem functioning. Yet this functionality may be threatened by increasing …

Aim We aim to characterize the macroecological patterns in the structure of mutualistic seed‐
dispersal networks. Tropical areas hold more species than temperate ones. This difference …

In recent decades, the interest in complexity of ant‐plant relationships has increased
considerably. However, because the spatial and biological information generated on ant …

While the effects of deforestation and habitat fragmentation on parasite prevalence or
richness are well investigated, host–parasite networks are still understudied despite their …

Extensive land-use change in the tropics has produced a mosaic of successional forests
within an agricultural and cattle-pasture matrix. Post-disturbance biodiversity assessments …

Context The effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity involve a series of
mechanisms and processes that cannot be studied in isolation, mainly because human …

Habitat loss and fragmentation typically lead to species loss and, consequently, changes in
the structure and stability of interaction networks. These changes may lead to important …