Phytoplankton are at the base of aquatic food webs and of global importance for ecosystem
functioning and services. The dynamics of these photosynthetic cells are linked to annual …

Advances in iron biogeochemistry have transformed our understanding of the oceanic iron
cycle over the past three decades: multiple sources of iron to the ocean were discovered …

Iceberg calving has been assumed to be the dominant cause of mass loss for the Antarctic
ice sheet, with previous estimates of the calving flux exceeding 2,000 gigatonnes per year …

Global increases in atmospheric CO2 and temperature are associated with changes in
ocean chemistry and circulation, altering light and nutrient regimes. Resulting changes in …

The deep sea encompasses the largest ecosystems on Earth. Although poorly known, deep
seafloor ecosystems provide services that are vitally important to the entire ocean and …

The cycling of carbon on Earth exerts a fundamental influence upon the greenhouse gas
content of the atmosphere, and hence global climate over millennia. Until recently, ice …

Minerals are more complex than previously thought because of the discovery that their
chemical properties vary as a function of particle size when smaller, in at least one …

Iron limits phytoplankton growth and hence the biological carbon pump in the Southern
Ocean. Models assessing the impacts of iron on the global carbon cycle generally rely on …

Abstract The Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets cover~\n10% of global land surface, but
are rarely considered as active components of the global iron cycle. The ocean waters …

Iceberg calving accounts for half of the mass discharge from the Greenland and Antarctic ice
sheets, which has increased dramatically over the last two decades. Through their …