Although the importance of water interfaces has long been well recognized, studies of the
interfaces at the molecular level only began more recently. 1-3 The difficulty lies in the fact …

Aqueous surfaces and interfaces are important in many physical, chemical, and biological
processes in our world. The adsorption, dissolution, and reaction of atmospheric gases at …

Liquid interfaces play a fundamental role in science and technology. The development of
surface-sensitive probes capable of yielding molecular information about these interfaces is …

Phase-sensitive sum-frequency spectroscopy (SFS) allows the complete measurement of
the complex spectra of surface nonlinear response coefficients. Similar to linear …

▪ Abstract A qualitatively new understanding of the nature of ions at the liquid water surface
is emerging. Traditionally, the characterization of liquid surfaces has been limited to …

The ubiquitous nature of water makes the study of water both practical and relevant. Yet in
this advanced technological age, many important, fundamental questions remain …

Phase-sensitive sum-frequency spectroscopy provides correct characterization of vibrational
resonances of water-vapor interfaces and allows better identification of interfacial water …

The present paper provides a theoretical analysis of the sum frequency generation (SFG)
spectrum of the water surface in the OH stretch mode frequency region based on ab initio …

Second harmonic generation (SHG) and sum frequency spectroscopy (SFS) have provided
unique opportunities to probe surfaces and interfaces. They have found broad applications …

We describe the development and applications of novel instrumentation for photoemission
spectroscopy of solid or liquid surfaces in the presence of gases under ambient conditions of …