Plants are constantly being challenged by aspiring pathogens, but disease is rare. Why?
Broadly, there are three reasons for pathogen failure. Either (1) the plant is unable to support …

With the centenary of the first descriptions of 'hypersensitiveness' following pathogenic
challenge upon us, it is appropriate to assess our current understanding of the …

Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) is an obligately biotrophic downy mildew that is
routinely cultured on Arabidopsis thaliana hosts that harbour complex microbiomes. We …

Following a previous microbial inoculation, plants can induce broad-spectrum immunity to
pathogen infection, a phenomenon known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR …

Plant nucleotide binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are activated by
pathogen effectors to trigger host defenses and cell death. Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain …

Abstract Changes in redox status are a conspicuous feature of immune responses in a
variety of eukaryotes,, but the associated signalling mechanisms are not well understood. In …

Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localized
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) constitutes an important layer of innate immunity in …

Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) are strongly associated with plant defense responses.
The origin of these ROI has been controversial. Arabidopsis respiratory burst oxidase …

Transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana expressing the bacterial enzyme salicylate
hydroxylase cannot accumulate salicylic acid (SA). This defect not only makes the plants …

In Arabidopsis, systemic acquired resistance against pathogens has been associated with
the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the expression of the pathogenesis-related …