Kelp forest ecosystems and their associated ecosystem services are declining around the
world. In response, marine managers are working to restore and counteract these declines …

The ecosystem services can be divided using two major classification systems, the
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) and the Common International Classification of …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

Recognition of the potential for vegetated coastal ecosystems to store and sequester carbon
has led to their increasing inclusion into global carbon budgets and carbon offset schemes …

Urban and periurban ocean developments impact 1.5% of the global exclusive economic
zones, and the demand for ocean space and resources is increasing. As we strive for a more …

Seaweed (macroalgae) has attracted attention globally given its potential for climate change
mitigation. A topical and contentious question is: Can seaweeds' contribution to climate …

Global habitat deterioration of marine ecosystems has led to a need for active interventions
to halt or reverse the loss of ecological function. Restoration has historically been a key tool …

Trophic downgrading destabilizes ecosystems and can drive large‐scale shifts in ecosystem
state. While restoring predatory interactions in marine reserves can reverse anthropogenic …

Humans are rapidly transforming the structural configuration of the planet's ecosystems, but
these changes and their ecological consequences remain poorly quantified in underwater …

Habitat loss and degradation are recognised as the most important causes of species
decline and extinction in marine ecosystems. It is also widely recognised that a range of …