Depression, a severe psychiatric disorder, has been studied for decades, but the underlying
mechanisms still remain largely unknown. Depression is closely associated with alterations …

Dopamine (DA) acts as a key neurotransmitter in the brain. Numerous studies have shown
its regulatory role for motor and limbic functions. However, in the early stages of Parkinson's …

The D1-like (D1, D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, D4) classes of dopamine receptors each has
shared signaling properties that contribute to the definition of the receptor class, although …

Insight into the organization of the basal ganglia in the normal, parkinsonian and l-dopa-
induced dyskinesia states is critical for the development of newer and more effective …

Dopamine (DA) depletion in the basal ganglia (BG) of Parkinson's patients gives rise to both
frontal-like and implicit learning impairments. Dopaminergic medication alleviates some …

The natural incentives that shape behavior reach the central circuitry of motivation trans-
synaptically, via the five senses, whereas the laboratory rewards of intracranial stimulation …

Abstract Background Calcium (Ca 2+) oscillations are ubiquitous signals present in all cells
that provide efficient means to transmit intracellular biological information. Either …

The motor signs of Parkinson's disease are thought to result in large part from a reduction of
the level of dopamine in the basal ganglia. Over the last few years, many of the functional …

Abstract Na+/K+-pump is an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase located in the outer
plasma membrane of cells. The Na+/K+-ATPase pumps 3 sodium ions out of cells while …

Signalling through dopamine D2 receptors governs physiological functions related to
locomotion, hormone production and drug abuse,,,,,,. D2 receptors are also known targets of …